C&F	Cost and Freight. Seller owns goods until they are loaded on vessel; selling price includes all costs so far plus cost of freight. The buyer is responsible for insurance.
Cabotage	Coastal navigation, also used for reservation of transport within a country to its own shipping. A law that requires coastal and intercoastal traffic to be carried by vessels belonging to the country owning the coast.
Calvo Doctrine	The Calvo Doctrine (or principle) holds that jurisdiction in international investment disputes lies with the country in which the investment is located; thus, the investor has no recourse but to use the local courts. The principle, named after an Argentinean jurist, has been applied throughout Latin America and other areas of the world.
Capital Development Initiative	The CDI, administered by the U.S. Agency for International Development, encourages infrastructure investment in countries in central and Eastern Europe. The CDI provides financial and technical services and assists U.S. businesses by providing up to 50 percent of estimated development work and feasibility study costs for proposed projects in energy, telecommunications, and the environment.
Cargo	Goods, merchandise or commodities of every description that may be carried aboard a vessel, in consideration of the freight charged; does not include provisions and stores for use on board.
Cargo NES or Cargo NOS (Cargo Not Elsewhere Specified or Cargo Not Otherwise Specified)	Carrier's tariff description for items not specifically listed in the tariff. Usually the highest rate.
CARNET	A customs document permitting the holder to carry or send merchandise temporarily into certain foreign countries (for display, demonstration, or similar purposes) without paying duties or posting bonds. Foreign customs regulations vary widely; in some countries, duties and extensive customs procedures on sample products may be avoided by obtaining an ATA Carnet. The ATA Carnet is a standardized international customs document used to obtain duty-free temporary admission of certain goods into the countries that are signatories to the ATA Convention. Under the ATA Convention, commercial and professional travelers may take commercial samples; tools of the trade; advertising material; and cinematographic, audiovisual, medical, scientific, or other professional equipment into member countries temporarily without paying customs duties and taxes or posting a bond at the border of each country visited. The carnets are generally valid for 12 months. Telephone: 1-800-CARNETS.
Carriage Of Goods by Sea Act (C.O.G.S.A.)	1936 U.S. Statute that governs the acts that a carrier is responsible for and defines the terms used in shipping. The act provides that the shipowner's liability will be limited to $500 per shipping package, and it stipulates a one-year time limit for filing suit against the carrier. This act automatically applies to international ocean movements but not to domestic ocean transits unless the carrier agrees to be bound by it.
Carriage Paid To (CPT)	Carriage paid to (CPT) and carriage and insurance paid to (CIP) a named place of destination. Used in place of CFR and CIF, respectively for shipment by modes other than water.
Carrier	Usually means Steamship Company, but can also refer to trucking company, airline, or railroad as transporter of cargo.
Carrier's Lien	The right to retain possession of goods pending payment of overdue freight charges.
Cars Knocked Down, Completely Knocked Down (CKD)	Cars completely unassembled, packed into cases. Part knocked down (PKD) i.e. cars partly assembled and packed into cases.
Cartel	An organization of independent producers formed to regulate the production, pricing, or marketing practices of its members in order to limit competition and maximize their market power.
Cash Against Documents (CAD)	Payment for goods in which a commission house or other intermediary transfers title documents to the buyer upon payment in cash.
Cash in Advance (CIA)	Payment for goods in which the price is paid in full before shipment is made. This method is usually used only for small purchases or when the goods are built to order.
Cash with order (CWO)	Payment for goods in which the buyer pays when ordering and in which the transaction is binding on both parties.
Catalog Exhibitions	These promotions are low-cost exhibits of U.S. firms' catalogs and videos that offer small, less-experienced companies an opportunity to test overseas markets for their products without travel. The International Trade Administration promotes exhibitions, provides staff fluent in the local language to answer questions, and forwards all trade leads to participating firms.
Causa Causans	The cause of a cause of loss.
Cause Proxima	Proximate cause.
Cells	The guidance system enabling containers to be carried in a vertical line in the ship, each container supporting the one above it. The position on board a vessel in which a cargo container is stowed; designated by Bay-Column- Height in stow.
Cellular Vessel	Ship specialized for container transport. The holds have vertical guides into which containers are lowered to form secure stacks restrained at all four corners.
Center for Trade and Investment Services (CTIS)	CTIS, established in September 1992, promotes increased participation of U.S. businesses in generating economic development in lesser developed countries which receive assistance from the Agency for International Development. Telephone: 1-800-USAID-4-U.
Certificate of Delivery	See Delivery Verification Certificate.
Certificate of Free Sale	A certificate, required by some foreign governments, stating that the goods for export, if products under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Federal Food and Drug Administration, are acceptable for sale in the United States, i.e., that the products are sold freely, without restriction. FDA will issue shippers a "letter of comment" to satisfy foreign requests or regulations.
Certificate of Inspection	A document certifying that merchandise (such as perishable goods) was in good condition immediately prior to its shipment. Pre-shipment inspection is a requirement for importation of goods into many developing countries.
Certificate of Manufacture	A statement (often notarized) in which a producer of goods certifies that manufacture has been completed and that the goods are now at the disposal of the buyer.
Certificate of Origin	A document, required by certain foreign countries for tariff purposes, certifying the country of origin of specified goods. A certificate may be required even though the commercial invoice contains the information.
CFR	Cost and freight. A pricing term indicating that the cost of the goods and freight charges are included in the quoted price; the buyer arranges for and pays insurance.
CFS (Container Freight Station)	Where less-than-container-load ocean shipments are brought to be loaded into a container (export) or unloaded from containers and made available for customs clearance (import).
Chaebol	Chaebol are Korean conglomerates that are characterized by strong family control, authoritarian management, and centralized decision-making. Chaebol dominate the Korean economy, growing out of the takeover of the Japanese monopoly of the Korean economy following World War II. Korean government tax breaks and financial incentives emphasizing industrial reconstruction and exports provided continuing support to the growth of Chaebols during the 1970s and 1980s. In 1988, the output of the 30 largest chaebol represented almost 95% of Korea's gross national product.
Charter Party	A written contract, usually on a special form, between the owner of a vessel and a "charterer" who rents use of the vessel or a part of its freight space. The contract generally includes the freight rates and the ports involved in the transportation.
CIA	Cash In Advance
CIF	Cost, insurance, freight. A pricing term indicating that the cost of the goods, insurance, and freight are included in the quoted price.
CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid)	The exporter's price includes the cost of the merchandise, all shipping costs to the named point (inland city) and insurance.
"Class or Kind" of Merchandise	A term used in defining the scope of an antidumping investigation. Included in the "class or kind" of merchandise is merchandise sold in the home market which is "such or similar" to the petitioned product. "Such or similar" merchandise is that merchandise which is identical to or like the petitioned product in physical characteristics.
Classification Clause	A clause in a cargo insurance contract that specifies the minimum class of vessel required to carry the insured goods. If the carrying vessel is below the class specified, an additional premium is charged by underwriters for the additional risk involved.
Clean Bill of Lading	One in which there is nothing to qualify the admission that the goods are shipped in good order and condition. A receipt for goods issued by a carrier that indicates that the goods were received in "apparent good order and condition," without damages or other irregularities. Compare Foul Bill of Lading.
Clean Draft	A draft to which no documents have been attached.
Clean Float	Clean float refers to a system in which exchange rates are determined by market forces rather than government intervention or restrictions.
Clearance Label	Denotes that a vessel has complied with all the regulations for clearance outward. It is attached to the Victualling Bill by the Customs officer who clears the vessel, and is then known as Outward Clearance.
Clip-on-Unit (COU)	A separate refrigeration unit that can be clipped on to an insulated container.
Co-Insurance	The sharing of an insurance risk between two or more parties, other than a contract of reinsurance.
Collapsible Container	Container with hinged sides, top etc. designed to be folded down to a small proportion (mostly about one quarter) of its erected volume. The term may also denote freight container, the major components of which can be dissembled and later reassembled for use.
Collect Freight	Freight payable at destination provided the vessel delivers the goods as specified.
Collection	Item received, usually with special instructions or documents, and credited to the sender only after payment is received from drawee.
Collection Papers	All documents (commercial invoices, bills of lading, etc.) submitted to a buyer for the purpose of receiving payment for a shipment.
Combined Transport	Means the carriage of goods by at least two different modes of transport, from a place at which the goods are taken in charge situated in one country to a place designated for delivery situated in a different country.
Combi Ship	A ship designed to carry both conventional and containerized cargo.
Comitè Maritime International (CMI)	The international agency of national maritime law associations, authors of the Hague Rules.
Commerce Business Daily (CBD)	CBD is the Commerce Department's daily newspaper that lists government procurement invitations and contract awards, including foreign business opportunities and foreign government procurements.
Commercial Attaché	The commerce expert on the diplomatic staff of his or her country's embassy or large consulate.
Commercial Invoice	An itemized list of goods shipped, usually included among an exporter's collection papers. Supplied by the exporter, this summarizes the commercial transaction. It includes details about product, quantity, specifications, price, delivery and payment terms, plus the addresses of all parties involved.
Commercial News USA	Commercial News USA, CNUSA, is an International Trade Administration (ITA) fee-based magazine, published 10 times per year. CNUSA provides exposure for U.S. products and services through an illustrated catalog and electronic bulletin boards. The catalog is distributed through U.S. Embassies and consulates to business readers in 155 countries. Copies are provided to international visitors at trade events around the world.
Commercial Officers	Commercial officers are embassy officials who assist U.S. business through arranging appointments with local business and government officials, providing counsel on local trade regulations, laws, and customs; identifying importers, buyers, agents, distributors, and joint venture partners for U.S. firms; and other business assistance. At larger posts, International Trade Administration staff perform these functions. At smaller posts, commercial interests are represented by State's economic officers.
Commercial Risks	With respect to Eximbank guarantees, commercial risks cover nonpayment for reasons other than specified political risks. Examples are insolvency or protracted default.
Commercial Set	Set of four "negotiable" documents that represents and takes the place of the goods themselves in the financing of the cargo sales transaction.
Commercial Treaty	An agreement between two or more countries setting forth the conditions under which business between the countries may be transacted. May outline tariff privileges, terms on which property may be owned, the manner in which claims may be settled, etc.
Commission Agent	See Purchasing agent.
Committee on Renewable Energy, Commerce, and Trade (CORECT)	CORECT facilitates the cost-effective use of U.S. renewable energy products and services around the world. The Committee is comprised of 14 federal agencies: the Departments of Commerce, Defense, Energy, Interior, State, and Treasury, the Agency for International Development, Environmental Protection Agency, Export-Import Bank, Overseas Private Investment Corporation, Small Business Administration, Trade and Development Agency, United States Information Agency, and U.S. Trade Representative. The Committee, chaired by Energy, was established by legislation in 1984.
Commixture	A mixture of two or more cargoes that cannot be separated into the relevant consignments.
Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC)	The CCC finances a variety of federal domestic and international farm programs, including Title I, Title II, and Title III of Public Law 480 (Food for Peace). The CCC is a government-owned and operated corporation within the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and is managed by a board of directors headed by the Secretary of Agriculture. All members of the board and the corporation's officers and staff are officials of USDA. The CCC provides financing and stability to the marketing and exporting of agricultural commodities.
Common Carrier	An individual, partnership, or corporation that transports persons or goods for compensation.
Common External Tariff (CET)	A uniform tariff adopted by a customs union to be assessed on imports entering the union territory from countries outside the union; abbreviated: CET or CXT.
Common Market	A common market (as opposed to a free trade area) has a common external tariff and may allow for labor mobility and common economic policies among the participating nations. The European Community is the most notable example of a common market.
Commonwealth	A commonwealth is a free association of sovereign independent states that has no charter, treaty, or constitution. The association promotes cooperation, consultation, and mutual assistance among members. The British Commonwealth (with headquarters in London, England) is the most notable example; it included 50 states at the beginning of 1991.
Competitive Bidding	The offering of prices by individuals or firms, competing for a contract or right to supply a specific service or merchandise.

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